1) A probe on Mars surprises us by discovering rich colonies of microbial alien life just few meters under the soil. It seems to be almost everywhere on the planet. Should we still plan to terraform? Do we have an ethical obligation to preserve either the microbial life or its record?

2) A probe on Jupiter’s moon Europa discovers an ocean rich with life under a few dozen miles of ice. It is fully as complex and varied as life in Earth’s oceans. How should we proceed? Should how we discovered it (say melting through the ice with nuclear material, for example) matter?

Good luck.
-CG